A-amylase Gene using Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question: Discuss about theA-amylase Gene using Polymerase Chain Reaction. Answer: Introduction Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped and flagellated bacterium that are natural inhabitants of soil and vegetation as well as our gastrointestinal tract. It has a circular chromosome like most of the prokaryotes with approximately 4214.8 Kb (Kunst et al., 1997) coding for more than 4000 proteins (Kobayashi et al., 2003). Out of the 4000 proteins many of them functions in metabolic activities which includes enzymes that are involved in breaking down carbon sources. One of the enzymes is the -amylase which is required for breakdown of carbohydrates into monomers (glucose and maltose) (Yamazaki et al., 1983). The enzyme is produced by the bacterium and is secreted to the external environment to breakdown starch in the immediate vicinity of the organism. After breaking down complex carbohydrate sources the simplified form such as glucose is taken up by the cell for utilization by the cell into its cytoplasm. The ability to secrete -amylase can be tested by culturing the bacterium on agar medium supplemented with starch and checking by iodine. Iodine has the ability to detect starch by changing colour from brown to purple. In case of absence of starch there will be no colour reaction and iodine will not change colour (Ortlepp, Ollington, McConnell, 1983). This means that B. subtilis which produces the -amylase enzyme will digest starch into smaller constituents and iodine will not change colour. By using organism that cannot produce the enzyme and comparing with B. subtilis we can determine the difference in iodine reaction of the two organisms on an agar plate supplemented with starch. After determination of the presence of the enzyme a procedure of whole genome isolation from the organism with an aim to purify the coding gene for -amylase will be carried out. The genomic isolation follows a procedure of destructing the bacterial cell wall and precipitating the genomic DNA. Lysis is performed using an anionic detergent, SDS, and lysozyme along with proteinase K. SDS destroys the lipid bilayer and precipitates protein, whereas lysozyme and proteinase K cleaves protein into amino acids leading to destruction of cell wall and membrane of the bacterium. Further, addition of RNase will destroy all the ribonuclease present in the lysate. The constituent protein is then precipitated with 1:1 phenol: chloroform mixture. The solution that remained after organic phase extraction contains the DNA which is purified by using silica resins as stationary phase. Silica groups are negatively charged and will bind with Na+ ions present in the mobile phase and will form a net positiv e charge. The positive charge will then attract DNA which is negatively charged which is then washed with ethanol and eluted using an elution solution. The whole process can be carried out in a specially designed spin column that are commercially available. The isolated DNA is then quantitated and quality checked by spectrophotometer reading at 260 and 280nm. The isolated DNA can then be used as a template for PCR amplification of the -amylase gene using gene specific primers. The amplified product can then be checked using agarose gel electrophoresis which separates DNA according to its size. As DNA is negatively charged it will travel towards positive charged electrode and the movement in an agarose medium is restricted by size allowing smaller molecules to travel ahead of larger ones. By using a standard marker we can determine the size of the amplified product. Result Iodine test for starch: The iodine test for presence of starch indicated a negative result on the side of the agar plate growing B. subtilis with no colour change of iodine, and a positive reaction for E. coli culture, iodine turned purple [Figure 1]. The result indicates absence of starch on the side of the plate with B subtilis and presence of starch on E. coli culture. Genomic DNA isolation and PCR amplification: The genomic DNA which was isolated from a culture of B. subtilis was checked with spectrophotometer for its purity and concentration. The absorbance at 260 nm UV was 0.25 and at 280 nm was 0.133. A 260/280 reading of 1.87 and a concentration of 12.5 g/ml. The concentration was estimated using the formula: A260 concentration 50 g/ml. In a reaction volume of 20 L PCR reaction, 8L of the isolated genomic DNA was used to get a final concentration of 0.1 g in 20 L [Table 1]. Determination of size of PCR product: The amplified product of PCR was electrophoresed on an agarose gel along with a standard DNA 100bp ladder. The gel was photographed [Figure 2] and distance travelled by each standard band was measured [Table 2] to establish a standard curve of distance migrated on Y axis and log of base pairs of standard on X axis. A linear trendline equation was established with R2 value of 0.99 which is the best fit [Figure 3]. Using the equation of the chart the size of the amplified band was estimated as 725 base pairs. We could not observe any product at the negative control well. Discussion subtilis houses a gene for -amylase and produces the enzyme for utilization of starch into its external environment and utilizes the product for its energy needs. The degradation of starch is evident from the iodine test which does not show a colour change from brown to purple in the B. subtilis culture. The result that we obtained is similar to previous experiments by other researchers (Swain Ray, 2007). After confirmation of presence of the enzyme by the iodine test we isolated the genomic DNA from the organism which was used for PCR reaction to amplify the gene. We determined the quality of the isolated DNA by measuring absorbance at 260 nm and 280 nm UV light which yielded a A260/A280 of 1.8 indicating a pure DNA sample. In order to amplify the -amylase gene we used a PCR reaction. PCR is a dynamic method that specifically amplifies target DNA sequence by using specified forward and reverse primers to limit the reaction. The primer binds to the target DNA sequence in a Watson-crick base pairing method and serves as a 3OH free end for addition of nucleotides complementary to the target sequence by the activity of Taq polymerase (a thermostable DNA polymerase). For this dNTPs are provided in abundance for the reaction to proceed. PCR is carried out in three steps which is repeated over around 30 times leading to exponential multiplication of the product; Denaturation which separates the double stranded DNA, annealing in which primers anneal to targets and extension in which DNA strands are made by Taq polymerase. PCR can be used to amplify any DNA sequence provided that specific primers for the target are used and the annealing temperature is optimized for amplification. Sometimes when an mRNA is used for amplification of the target gene it should be first converted to cDNA by reverse transcriptase in a process called reverse transcription. The product of the amplification is then checked by agarose gel electrophoresis. Agarose gel electrophoresis is a method in which DNA can be separated based on size. Agarose is a gelling agent and forms a gel-like substance, the hardness of which is dependent on the percentage of agarose. The higher the percentage of agarose smaller is the pore size and hence retardation in mobility of the DNA sample therefore a higher gel percentage would reduce distance travelled. When electrophoresed in buffer (ion carrier such as TAE or TBE) the DNA moves from negative to positive electrode with smaller fragments moving faster than bigger ones. In our experiment we determined the size of the amplicon using a standard curve plotted with distance migrated by standard DNA base pair. The size of the amplicon was determined to be 724 base pair which was the same size as positive control band. However, the size of the gene is approximately 1539 base pairs (Ortlepp et al., 1983; Yamazaki et al., 1983; Yang, Galizzi, Henner, 1983), which means we amplified only a part of the gene. W e successfully amplified the gene for -amylase from B. subtilis. References Kobayashi, K., Ehrlich, S. D., Albertini, A., Amati, G., Andersen, K., Arnaud, M., . . . Bessieres, P. (2003). Essential Bacillus subtilis genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(8), 4678-4683. Kunst, F., Ogasawara, N., Moszer, I., Albertini, A. M., Alloni, G., Azevedo, V., . . . Danchin, A. (1997). The complete genome sequence of the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Nature, 390(6657), 249-256. doi: 10.1038/36786 Ortlepp, S. A., Ollington, J. F., McConnell, D. J. (1983). Molecular cloning in Bacillus subtilis of a Bacillus licheniformis gene encoding a thermostable alpha amylase. Gene, 23(3), 267-276. Swain, M., Ray, R. (2007). Alpha?amylase production by Bacillus subtilis CM3 in solid state fermentation using cassava fibrous residue. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 47(5), 417-425. Yamazaki, H., Ohmura, K., Nakayama, A., Takeichi, Y., Otozai, K., Yamasaki, M., . . . Yamane, K. (1983). Alpha-amylase genes (amyR2 and amyE+) from an alpha-amylase-hyperproducing Bacillus subtilis strain: molecular cloning and nucleotide sequences. Journal of bacteriology, 156(1), 327-337. Yang, M., Galizzi, A., Henner, D. (1983). Nucleotide sequence of the amylase gene from Bacillus subtilis. Nucleic acids research, 11(2), 237-250.

The Number One Question You Must Ask for Help with Paper Writing

The Number One Question You Must Ask for Help with Paper Writing The Basics of Help with Paper Writing When you submit your purchase and pay for it, we'll begin processing your paper. Whenever you make an order on our site, you acquire all extra guarantees. If you aren't content with your paper, you can secure the entire refund according to our company policy or ask us for corrections. Pay a visit to the purchase page and choose which sort of paper you expect from us. Your paper is going to be written from scratch by real experts, so you don't have anything to be concerned about. So as to do a paper properly you should keep a couple of things in mind which will be outlined. You can receive the break you need while still ensuring you're obtaining a very good paper which will not allow you down. Try to remember, the white paper is going to have to earn a case for your strategies or solutions, therefore it is worth it to spend time in good writing. At any time you feel you desire a paper writing help, contact us with your assignment and you'll get quality academic assistance however challenging the undertaking is. If you've got an order that must be completed overnight, you may rest assured knowing that we'll be the ones to come to rescue! Among the places you are able to be certain of such help is on the many internet forums. If you wish to highlight an important subject, obtaining a note will cause you to remember a specific detail easily. If academic writing isn't your strong suit, you've come to the proper place. In such conditions, do not be afraid to speak to us without any additional delay to receive your perfect paper from an expert writer, who's ready to finish your task, however frightening it is! To begin with, enlisting qualified help with writing doesn't automatically mean that the essay is going to be written by a third party from scratch. In this kind of situation, a college student often does not have any choice except to look for somebody to compose my essay, and it's no wonder. The Do's and Don'ts of Help with Paper Writing The ordering procedure is simple but if you by chance have issues with the buy, get in contact with our friendly customer service representatives who will gladly aid you with any technical problems that you may have. It is extremely easy to use our writing help as we don't ask you for any information aside from requirements for the undertaking and contact details. It's also advisable to ensure they have positive feedback and reviews to prevent unpleasant experience. To learn more please don't hesitate to speak to our Customer Support. If you aren't happy, you don't pay for uncompleted writing. For instance, the author of a specific essay could already be having the simple idea about what he or she's probably supposed to be writing about. However difficult it is to compose an essay, our authors can deal at any difficulty. When you compose the essay all on your own, expect to experience a great deal of stress, especially in the event that you lack the writing skills and knowledge about academic essay writing. Our highly trained staff of academic writers won't ever locate a paper topic too tricky to write. So following is a primer written for college students on how best to compose an academic paper, though a number of the advice would be helpful for anybody. It's apparent that the professors despise the thought of a student employing qualified support to have an academic essay ready. If you need assistance writing an essay, our crew of talented researchers and writers will produce a special paper for your demands. Choosing Help with Paper Writing Although essays and research papers can be an issue, term papers are a great deal more complex than nearly all of the academic assignments. The topic of your research paper needs to be based on your strength and interest. It is possible to order almost any sort of written paper here, from various types of essays to a low-cost research paper or maybe a dissertation. Writing last-minute research paper isn't advisable if you would like to th ink of a rich content. It is possible to then rest easy because you've got a paper to reveal your professor or teacher long before the deadline. Everyone would like to produce fantastic papers, get the greatest marks, and get the standing of a hardworking student. The best method to be a prosperous student is to employ an expert paper writer. Thus, your teacher receives a well-written argumentative paper that displays the practice of thinking. Things You Won't Like About Help with Paper Writing and Things You Will Nowadays as a result of high load of writing appointments students search for quality and trustworthy assistance. A student doesn't need to suffer in regards to completing his written work because there's always help available online. Though many students need academic aid, not all of these ask for it. Many of students have been required to seek for writing help before, and we at EduBirdie understand how difficult that may be.

How to Research a Topic in Writing an Essay Topic

How to Research a Topic in Writing an Essay TopicResearching a topic for an essay is not always easy, but it is very important in developing an essay topic that is both informative and engaging. It is also an important aspect in gaining a competitive edge in the essay competition. Here are some tips that can help you research a topic in essay writing:The first step is to discover what is an effective research question in developing an essay topic. It is important to identify this because it is very likely that you will find many options when you write your topic. This is why it is important to understand the common search engines and keyword tools that most people use. These two research tools will help you to establish the relevance of your essay topic. However, if you already know what a keyword search is and what a common search engine is then it is not too late to implement these keywords and search terms in your topic.In order to find the best keywords to use in developing an es say topic, you should know the characteristics of a good question before you know what is an effective research question in developing an essay topic. It is likely that you will not have any idea what a good question is, but you can still try to narrow down what a good topic is. However, in order to know what is an effective research question in developing an essay topic, you need to determine which questions are the most important and specific.When you already know what is an effective research question in developing an essay topic, you will have an idea of what a general topic is going to be. Knowing what a general topic is also helps you identify keywords that are specific and that can provide more information than general keywords.Furthermore, it is important to know that it is more challenging to write a general topic. The reason for this is that it requires different things from an audience. This is why writing a general topic is so difficult because it requires different skil ls.Now that you know that it is challenging to write a general topic, you need to know that it is more challenging to write specific topics. This is why it is important to write a specific topic. However, you should know that if you have a general topic that you will have difficulty getting people to read your topic.Another tip is to remember that the best way to prepare for an essay is to develop a research question in the first place. After you discover the best keywords to use, you need to ensure that the keyword research tools are set up. These tools enable you to use various keywords in different combinations. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the research tools are set up.Also, after you have developed a research question in the first place, you need to make sure that you know how to write an essay. Having the best research question in the first place is only half the battle when it comes to writing an essay.

The Basics of Good Topics for History Research Paper

The Basics of Good Topics for History Research Paper The professionals use their accumulated skills and knowledge to make certain you find the best possible aid. If you're confused with a number of interesting topics to research on the web, it's far better to determine what interests you the most. You should also think about getting expert assistance if you lack the skills to investigate and formulate an informative and manageable topic all on your own. If you experience difficulties with your research, ask professionals to aid you. What you are able to do is go through the books on the history of different nations and cultures and elect for the one which you find most interesting. Researching any issue about government or laws can get overwhelming because of the intricacy of the issues and even on account of the wording of some laws. Your very first idea is nearly always very likely to be too significant. Perhaps you simply do not know the subject well enough, and that's t he reason you cannot locate the idea for your history essay. What Is So Fascinating About Good Topics for History Research Paper? Or the paper might concentrate on medical discoveries, like the polio vaccine or penicillin. You receive your topic and paper in time and free up time for some other activities. The creation procedure may be overwhelming, and should the topic isn't interesting enough, students may have a difficult time finishing on time. In some instances, students simply devise the study and after that imagine the potential results which may occur. The Importance of Good Topics for History Research Paper When it's something which you've studied before or something which you are in possession of a personal interest in, writing about something you know makes the task a good deal simpler. When you own a list before your eyes, it is going to be simpler to compose your mind and get started considering a specific matter. Even if a specific research paper topic is getti ng lots of buzz at the moment or other men and women seem interested in writing about it, don't feel tempted to make it your topic if you don't genuinely have some kind of interest in it also. To locate a subject that has been researched adequately but not too much can be an intimidating issue to do. What Is So Fascinating About Good Topics for History Research Paper? To compose a really excellent research paper on art history, you need to be familiar with the terms required to describe the job of art and it's extremely important to select suitable art history research paper topics. Research for wars involve an amazing quantity of information. World History Research Papers involve an incredible quantity of information. It is a subject that is always tightly connected to the concept of time and space. Try to found your paper around research that you like. In addition, don't neglect to edit your paper to help it become perfect. A paper is always simpler to write if you're i nterested in the subject, and you'll be more motivated to do in-depth research and compose a paper that genuinely covers the whole subject. Don't underestimate how much time it will take you to finish your research paper. The Good, the Bad and Good Topics for History Research Paper The entire idea of any paper is the fact that it grabs you right from the start and compels you to keep reading all of the way to the end. The writing process is going to be a pleasure, and your reader will delight in reading your bit of academic writing. When you get the prompt, attempt to correct the academic format with the aid of numerous free online writing guides. History writing assignments may vary widely--and you need to always follow your professor's specific instructions--but the subsequent steps are intended to help no matter what type of history paper you're writing. Once you own a thesis, you can find that you have to do more research targeted to your precise argument. Prior to start ing, learn more about the way to perform a psychology experiment. When you pick a research topic, make certain it is one which you understand and have a firm grasp on. The Good, the Bad and Good Topics for History Research Paper If you have to write only 1 paper at the conclusion of the period, you can breathe out since you are blessed. Based on the paper prompt, you might be required to do outside research or you could be using only the readings you have done in class. In case you're feeling badly-prepared to select a topic, you can also have a difficult time preparing the proposal and producing a fantastic paper. By taking a look at a well-written case of research proposal paper, you will learn that topics which are too broad can be challenging to manage as you will probably have different, and frequently conflicting, ideas on the best way to tackle the issue. What You Don't Know About Good Topics for History Research Paper By then, you will be aware of what your paper say s. It is an impossible task to write a very good history paper if you write about something you find boring and don't care about whatsoever. Thus, writing a history paper will definitely be fun, if you merely choose a really intriguing history essay topic. In a history class, even if you're not writing a paper based on outside research, you're still writing a paper which requires some type of argument. Perhaps you still must understand more about the way to compose a history paper. History papers aren't mystery novels. Think of this issue of the history essay you've already written before. If you would like to compose a very good history essay you'd better opt for a topic that is familiar to you. Things You Won't Like About Good Topics for History Research Paper and Things You Will There are many research paper samples readily available online. If you want more info, you can look for additional understanding. Without a suitable content, great research paper topics don't make sense. You might even get superior examples of research paper topics to help you restrict your pick. Good Topics for History Research Paper - the Conspiracy Following are some useful strategies for you to think about. Selecting the proper essay topic can occasionally be rather tough. Below, it is possible to also locate a list of good topics that it is possible to use if you like them. Choosing one of our suggested topics will enable you to commence writing a thriving research paper. You have to be certain to understand everything clearly once you opt for an essay topic. There are instances when you're assigned with the topic but more frequently, you will need to create a topic on your own. It would be simpler to learn more about the theme and write about doing it. The cost of an essay rides on the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. It is wise to look for the one which has a very good reputation and offers high-quality papers at economical rates. For some students, a collection of topic is the easiest part. Professional writing service will solve issues with homework at any level with no delays.

How Can You Use a Word Essay Sample?

How Can You Use a Word Essay Sample?The word essay sample is a short document that contains the basic information about a certain topic on a specific topic. It will be used by high school students, college students, and even adult writers who want to write a simple to read essay that will help them develop their skills in this field. By using the sample, a writer can not only make a better word essay, but they can also improve their writing skills in general.A research paper or even a research paper written for a class will always have this problem of one person only having enough time to finish it, without any breaks. This is the main reason why the student is not able to complete their thesis without adding mistakes to their papers. The opposite is true when writing a research paper, but the length of the essay will be longer, so more time will be needed to complete it.A lot of students start out on a lot of work by writing a first draft of a research paper that can be in the form of a thesis statement or a first to the reader's essay. They may just sit down and write the first part and then go back and revise it. In doing this, the student may get the basics down to work well but the question is will it all come together when the students finish writing it. To ensure this happens, you should use a word essay sample that allows the reader to take away with them a sense of the main idea.The main point of the research paper is to answer a question that the reader may have about a topic. When writing this document, a writer needs to know what to put in order to make their writing more complete. This is why it is important to choose the right word essay sample that has the best way to do this. Even though this is the basic task of writing an essay, a lot of students have a hard time figuring out how to write a good essay.In today's world, there are so many subjects that students can cover, the way to start them all off is to choose a topic that would be most rele vant to a person's life. They might choose a subject that would help them write a better essay on general topics. One of the other great things about a word essay sample is that it gives them the chance to write a brief summary of the topic and answer any questions they may have.This will give them enough material to get them started and they will be able to move onto the next part of the essay. Since most people will look at their sample first before actually reading through the whole thing, they may get the gist of the material and figure out how to improve on it. Not only will the sample help the student learn how to write an essay, but it can also help a writer to make sure the final document is as good as possible.One of the biggest things to look for is to find any type of essay review guides that can provide some sort of outline. Usually, the reviews that a writer will receive on their document will list the pros and cons for the essay, as well as whether the sample is writte n well or not. If a writer finds a sample that was written very poorly, then it is a big indication that they may need to find a different word essay sample.By reviewing a few samples before they even start the process, the writer will not have to worry about making possible mistakes. Writing is something that most writers are not particularly good at, but writing an essay is something that they all have to do, so they do not like to make the mistake of doing it wrong. This is why it is a good idea to read a few word essay samples and review them before they start writing their entire paper.

Learners Attitudes towards Native and Non

Matters regarding native English-speaking teachers (NESTs) and non-native English-speaking teachers (NNESTs) have lately received substantial interest from researchers and academicians (Braine, 2005; Mahboob, 2004). One of the key topics under discussion is learners’ attitudes towards native and non-native English teachers in Saudi high schools.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Learners Attitudes towards Native and Non-Native English Teachers in Saudi High Schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper shall discuss views of different academicians and researchers on this topic by: exploring different studies on perceptions and attitudes of English as a Second/Foreign Language (ESL/EFL) learners’ towards NESTs and NNESTs in Saudi Arabia. Perceptions and Attitudes of ESL/EFL Learners towards NESTs According to most studies on ESL/EFL learners’ perspective towards NESTs, being taught by NEST s has both merits and demerits. Merits may be linked to factors like articulation and consciousness of the second/foreign language customs, whereas demerits may be connected to matters like teaching language rules and the incapacity to handle learners’ issues. A study by Benke Medgyes (2005) on some learners of English from an intermediate school in Hungary revealed that NESTs do better than NNESTs in verbal skills instruction. The interviewees in this study demonstrated that NESTs usually have strong capacities to teach discussion classes, acts as ideal models for simulation and hearten learners to converse in the language. In addition to the verbal skills issue, interviewees revealed that their NESTs are normally self-assured, more sociable and their classes are usually lively as compared to the NNESTs. In contrast, another study by Benke Medgyes (2005) in the same school but on a lower grade class revealed that NESTs are hard to comprehend and are not the best grammar in structors. In a different study, Lasagabaster Sierra (2005) examined the values of some college learners towards NNESTs and NESTs. The outcome indicated that more than half of the interviewees were in favor of NESTs to NNESTs as a result of NESTs accuracy in articulation and use of terminologies. Concerning the language proficiency, the participants illustrated that NESTs use better English than NNESTs in their speeches and paying attention to them is better for enhancing students’ ability to listen. They further showed that NESTs have additional knowledge in reading and writing.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As regards foreign language customs, the respondents saw NESTs as an important resource for expanding their understanding of target customs. Nevertheless, the respondents in this study deemed that NESTs boasted some negative aspects. Even though they really esteemed NES Ts accurate articulation, they as well discounted some features of native pronunciation. For instance, some respondents revealed that some NESTs never converse in ordinary English, making their articulation hard to comprehend. In another study, Mahboob (2004) assumed a dialogue analytic procedure to study and evaluate views of 33 ESL learners registered in an intensive English course on NESTs and NNESTs. The outcomes of this research were similar to those described in the two abovementioned studies. The respondents noted that NESTs had both merits and demerits. In the first group, the instruction of verbal skills was deemed the key benefit of the NESTs. Conversely, the study discovered negative aspects of NESTs associated with teaching methods and personal issues. Regarding teaching methods, the study revealed that NESTs habitually failed to offer adequate answers to learners’ queries and lacked suitable methods of instruction.Concerning personal issues, the respondents felt that NESTs were not effective instructors since they lacked experience in studying English. Perceptions and Attitudes of Learners towards NNESTs Latest research has noted that both EFL and ESL learners deem that NNESTs are better teachers compared to NESTs in most areas such as in methods of instruction. Nevertheless, these learners also deem that NNESTs have noteworthy limitations. Respondents of a study conducted by Benke Medgyes (2005) revealed that NNESTs are usually competent in instructing grammar and possess the potential to handle grammatical complexities. The respondents also revealed that NNESTs promote language learning efficiently by handling learners patiently.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Learners Attitudes towards Native and Non-Native English Teachers in Saudi High Schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another study by Kelch Satana-Williamson (2002) revealed that NNESTs have three benefit s. First, NNESTs are usually more conversant with the hardships and issues that students encounter, having been learners of the language at some point. Second, NNESTs can employ translation while teaching, especially in cases whereby the first language is mutual. Third, NNESTs acts as sources of inspiration to learners since it makes them believe that they can also become proficient in the language. Conversely, a study by Benke Medgyes (2005) demonstrated that NNESTs are more engaging, give lots of assignments, articulate English words incorrectly and employ old-fashioned language in teaching. A study by Pacek (2005) also revealed that negative features of NNESTs can be associated with features of language expertise, particularly pronunciation. In conclusion, this review demonstrates that both non-native and native English-speaking instructors are perceived by learners to have merits and demerits. Whereas native English-speaking instructors are deemed best in verbal instruction as an outcome of their language authenticity and fluency, nonnative English-speaking instructors present benefits of having being earlier students of EFL/ ESL. Thus, English is well taught as an EFL/ESL by cooperation between the NNESTs and NESTs. References Benke, A. Medgyes, P. (2005). Non-native language teachers: perceptions, challenges and contributions to the profession. New York: Springer Braine, G. (2005). Teaching English to the world: history, curriculum and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence ErlbaumAdvertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kelch, K., Santana-Williamson, E. (2002). ESL students’ attitudes toward native- and nonnative-speaking instructors’ accents. The CATESOL Journal, 14(1), 57-72. Lasagabaster, D. Sierra, J.M. (2005). What do students think about the pros and cons of having a native speaking teacher? New York: Springer Mahboob, A. (2004). Demystifying the native speaker in TESOL. SPELT Quarterly 19(4), 1-14. Pacek, D. (2005). Personality not nationality: foreign students’ perceptions of a non-native speaker lecturer of English at a British university. New York: Springer. This essay on Learners Attitudes towards Native and Non-Native English Teachers in Saudi High Schools was written and submitted by user Angela S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Francis Lewis Cardozo

Francis Lewis Cardozo Overview When Francis Lewis Cardozo was elected as South Carolina’s secretary of state in 1868, he became the first African-American to be elected to hold a political position in the state. His work as a clergyman, educator and politician allowed him to fight for the rights of African-Americans during the Reconstruction period.    Key Accomplishments Established Avery Normal Institute, one of the first free secondary schools for African-Americans.Early advocate for school integration in the South.First African-American to hold a statewide office in the United States. Famous Family Members Cardozo’s granddaughter is Eslanda Goode Robeson. Robeson was an actress, anthropologist, writer and civil rights activist. She was married to Paul Robeson.   A distant relative of U.S. Supreme Court Justice Benjamin Cardozo. Early Life and Education Cardozo was born on February 1, 1836, in Charleston. His mother, Lydia Weston was a free African-American woman. His father, Isaac Cardozo, was Portuguese man. After attending schools established for freed blacks, Cardozo worked as a carpenter and shipbuilder. In 1858, Cardozo began attending the University of Glasgow  before becoming a seminarian in Edinburgh and London. Cardozo was ordained a Presbyterian minister and upon his return to the United States, he began working as a pastor. By 1864, Cardozo was working as a pastor at the Temple Street Congregational Church in New Haven, Conn. The following year, Cardozo began working as an agent of the American Missionary Association. His brother, Thomas, had already served as superintendent for the organization’s school and soon Cardozo followed in his footsteps. As superintendent, Cardozo reestablished the school as the Avery Normal Institute. The Avery Normal Institute was a free secondary school for African-Americans. The school’s primary focus was to train educators. Today, Avery Normal Institute is part of the College of Charleston. Politics In 1868, Cardozo served as a delegate at the South Carolina constitutional convention. Serving as the chair of the education committee, Cardozo lobbied for integrated public schools. That same year, Cardozo was elected as secretary of state and became the first African-American to hold such a position. Through his influence, Cardozo was instrumental in reforming the South Carolina Land Commission by distributing land to former enslaved African-Americans. In 1872, Cardozo was elected as state treasurer. However, legislators decided to impeach Cardozo for his refusal to cooperate with corrupt politicians in 1874. Cardozo was reelected to this position twice. Resignation and Conspiracy Charges When federal troops were withdrawn from Southern states in 1877 and the Democrats regained control of state government, Cardozo was pushed to resign from office. That same year Cardozo was prosecuted for conspiracy. Although evidence found was not conclusive, Cardozo was still found guilty. He served almost a year in prison. Two years later, Governor William Dunlap Simpson pardoned Cardozo. Following the pardon, Cardozo relocated to Washington DC where he held a position with the Treasury Department. Educator In 1884, Cardozo became the principal of the Colored Preparatory High School in Washington DC. Under Cardozo’s tutelage, the school instituted a business curriculum and became one of the most outstanding schools for African-American students. Cardozo retired in 1896. Personal Life While serving as pastor of Temple Street Congregational Church, Cardozo married Catherine Rowena Howell. The couple had six children. Death Cardozo died in 1903 in Washington DC. Legacy Cardozo Senior High School in the northwest section of Washington DC is named in Cardozo’s honor.